Internship | LEO constellation PHY and MAC modelling

The goal is to develop a simulation based representation of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) communication satellite constellation with focus on the lower layers of the OSI model (Layer 1 – Physical, Layer 2 – Data Link). The primary goal is to model how LEO satellite motion and antenna configurations influence RF and optical link availability, link budgets, medium access behavior, and PHY/MAC level performance. Given the complexity, work will begin by studying the ongoing 6G NTN (Non‑Terrestrial Networks) developments within 3GPP and use these specifications as the foundation for the model. TNO experts—who are actively involved in both 3GPP and ETSI satellite communication working groups—will provide the technical guidance that underpins this effort. models. This work will enable realistic testing of LEO communication architectures and contributes to the TNO’s research on satellite based networking systems.

The intern will develop EMANE based models for a LEO satellite constellation focusing on physical layer and link layer representation. Satellite motion will be defined by provided orbital parameters such as altitude, inclination, number of satellites per orbital plane, and orbital velocity. First step will be to focus on modelling RF links, based on 3GPP 6G-NTN specifications. If time allows, extend to FSO, alsthough that is not mandatory.
The intern will introduce custom EMANE models or extensions to reflect LEO specific behavior, including:

• High velocity motion and frequent neighbor changes.
• Directional LaserCom ISLs with narrow beams.
• RF feeder links with larger coverage footprints.
• Dynamic handover patterns between satellites and ground terminals.

Essential Skills:

• Python programming proficiency.
• Basic understanding of orbital mechanics (detailed models provided).
• Fundamental wireless communication knowledge (PHY/MAC principles).
• Strong analytical and mathematical background.
• Ability to interpret technical documentation.
• Preferred Qualifications.
• Experience with data visualization.
• Familiarity with Git.
• Exposure to wireless simulation/emulation tools.

You want an internship opportunity on the precursor of your career; an internship gives you an opportunity to take a good look at your prospective future employer. TNO goes a step further. It’s not just looking that interests us; you and your knowledge are essential to our innovation. That’s why we attach a great deal of value to your personal and professional development. You will, of course, be properly supervised during your work placement and be given the scope for you to get the best out of yourself. Furthermore, we provide:

• A highly professional, innovative internship environment, within a team of top experts.
• A suitable internship allowance (615 euro for wo-, hbo- and mbo-students, for a full-time internship).
• Possibility of eight hours of free leave per internship month (for a full-time internship).
• A free membership of Jong TNO, where you can meet other TNO professionals and join several activities, such as sports activities, (work-related) courses or the yearly ski-trip.
• Use of a laptop.
• An allowance for travel expenses in case you don’t receive an OV-card.

At TNO, we innovate for a healthier, safer and more sustainable life. And for a strong economy. Since 1932, we have been making knowledge and technology available for the common good. We find each other in wonder and ingenuity. We are driven to push boundaries. There is all the space and support for your talent and ambition. You work with people who will challenge you: who inspire you and want to learn from you. Our state-of-the-art facilities are there to realize your vision. What you do at TNO matters: impact makes the difference. Because with every innovation you contribute to tomorrow’s world. Read more about TNO as an employer.

At TNO we encourage an inclusive work environment, where you can be yourself. Whatever your story and whatever unique qualities you bring to the table. It is by combining our unique strengths and perspectives that we are able to develop innovations that make a real difference in society. Want to know more? Read what steps we are taking in the area of diversity, equity and inclusion.

After the first CV selection, the application process will be conducted by the concerning department. TNO will provide a suitable internship agreement. If you have any questions about this vacancy, you can contact the contact person mentioned below.

For this internship vacancy it is required that the AIVD issues a security clearance (VGB) after conducting a security screening. Take into account that this process may take about 8 weeks. If you have been abroad for more than 6 consecutive months, or if you do not have the Dutch nationality, it may take longer. Read more about security screening on the AIVD website.

Important to be aware of before applying:

• Before the start of the internship, the internship agreement from TNO needs to be signed. For students at a college or university based in the Netherlands, TNO uses the UNL-template (supplemented with a number of specific agreements from TNO). For students of foreign and MBO educational institutions, the TNO internship agreement applies. TNO does not sign any other internship agreements.
• Before the start of the internship, the educational institution will need to confirm in writing that:
  • 1) You are enrolled at the educational institution during the internship, and;
  • 2) The internship takes place as part of the programme of the study.

• The confirmation of educational institution takes place by signing the UNL template or forms prepared by TNO.
• Interns at TNO must be in possession of a Dutch residential address at the start of the internship. Performance of internship activities from abroad is not possible.